How to Write a Synthesis Essay for AP Lang

TL;DR

A synthesis essay combines information from multiple sources to support YOUR argument. Read all sources, develop a thesis, use at least 3 sources as evidence, and acknowledge counterarguments. Don't just summarize sources — integrate them into YOUR argument.

---

What Is a Synthesis Essay?

The synthesis essay is one of three essay types on the AP English Language exam. You receive 6-7 sources (texts, charts, images) on a topic and must:

1. Develop your OWN argument on the topic
2. Use at least 3 sources to support your argument
3. Cite sources properly
4. Acknowledge and address counterarguments

The key word is "synthesis" — you're COMBINING information from multiple sources to build something new (your argument), not just summarizing what each source says.

The Structure

Introduction

• Hook that introduces the topic
• Brief context (what's the debate about?)
• Thesis: Your clear position + preview of your reasoning

Body Paragraphs (3-4)

Each paragraph should:

• Make a specific claim that supports your thesis
• Include evidence from AT LEAST one source (cited by letter: Source A, Source B)
• Explain how the evidence supports your claim
• Analyze the source's credibility or perspective when relevant

Counterargument Paragraph

• Acknowledge the strongest opposing argument
• Use a source that supports the opposition
• THEN refute it with evidence and reasoning

Conclusion

• Restate thesis
• Broader implications

Source Integration Tips

DON'T just summarize: ❌ "Source A talks about the benefits of homework. Source B talks about the drawbacks."

DO synthesize: ✅ "While proponents argue that homework reinforces classroom learning (Source A), this claim ignores research showing that excessive homework actually decreases motivation and increases stress (Source B), suggesting that the quality of homework matters more than the quantity (Source D)."

See how the second version weaves multiple sources into ONE argument? That's synthesis.

How to Cite Sources

In a synthesis essay, cite by source letter:

• (Source A)
• According to Source B, "..."
• As the author of Source C argues, "..."

You don't need a full MLA citation — just the source letter is sufficient.

Scoring Tips

• Use more than 3 sources if possible (4-5 is ideal)
• Don't ignore sources that disagree with you — use them in your counterargument
• Your thesis must take a CLEAR position (not "there are pros and cons")
• Evidence without explanation won't earn full credit — EXPLAIN why each source matters

Let Gradily Help With AP Lang

Synthesis requires combining sources with your own thinking. Gradily helps you develop arguments, integrate evidence, and write persuasively.

[Try Gradily for Free →]

---

A synthesis essay isn't about the sources — it's about YOUR argument, supported by the sources. Think of yourself as a lawyer using evidence to make your case. 🎯